Introduction:
Recently, a study of sugary drinks has refreshed the public's understanding of pure fruit juices. Like other sugary drinks, seemingly healthy pure fruit juices have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. In addition to the effects of sugar, additives in caramel-colored beverages and residual pesticides in pure fruit juices may also be associated with cancer risk. From left to right, freshly squeezed juices, cola, smoothies, sports drinks, fruit drinks, chocolate shakes and energy drinks and their corresponding sugar content.
It is currently summer, and a bottle of drink for men, women and children is almost the standard for going out during the holidays. However, commercially available beverages contain more or less added sugar, including carbonated drinks, fruit and vegetable juice drinks, sports drinks, tea drinks, milky drinks, plant-based protein drinks and coffee drinks.
Recently, a new study published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) pointed to the relationship between sugary drinks, including pure fruit juice, and cancer risk [1]: drinking 100 ml of sugary drinks per day was associated with an 18% increase in overall cancer risk and a 22% increase in breast cancer risk; Drinking an extra 100 ml of pure fruit juice per day was associated with a 12% increase in overall cancer risk; The more you drink, the higher your cancer risk.
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Cause of diabetes:
The researchers pointed out that because the high glycemic index and high glycemic load of sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, and systemic inflammation, these may contribute to the development of diabetes-related cancers, including breast cancer. In addition to the effects of sugar, additives (4-methylimidazole) in caramel-colored beverages (such as cola) and pesticide residues in pure fruit juices may also be associated with cancer risk [2,3,4].
"This study is exhaustive and credible, and factors such as glycemic effects, hormonal responses (including but not limited to insulin), and elevated inflammatory markers may all increase cancer risk independently or interdependently. In addition, the effect of high sugar intake on the intestinal flora may also be associated with an increased risk of cancer. David Katz, director of the Yale Center for Prevention Research and founder of the True Health Initiative, a health advocacy organization, commented.
Whether fat or thin, be careful with sweet drinks😉
Research data:
The researchers surveyed data from more than 10,79 healthy adults in France, 3300 percent of whom were women. Through dietary questionnaires, the researchers analyzed the participants' daily intake of 5 foods and beverages and followed up for an average of more than 9 years (up to 2200 years). During this period, nearly 693,45 cases of cancer were diagnosed, including 36 cases of breast cancer. Among the daily drinks of the surveyed population, pure fruit juice accounted for 19%, other sugary drinks accounted for, and artificial sweetened drinks accounted for.
overview
- Metabolic disease group characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels
- Mainly includes type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes
- Follow doctor's advice and improve self-management ability is the key
- Complications can lead to blindness, amputation, kidney failure, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, etc.
Disease definition
Diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism caused by absolute or relative insulin secretion deficiency and/or insulin utilization disorder, with hyperglycemia as the main symbol.
The typical clinical manifestations of diabetes are "three excesses and one deficiency", that is, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weight loss, as well as high blood sugar and glucose in urine, etc. The long course of the disease can cause damage to multiple systems, resulting in eye, kidney, Chronic progressive lesions, functional decline and failure of tissues and organs such as nerves, heart, blood vessels, etc., can cause acute and severe metabolic disorders when the condition is severe or under stress.
Diabetes is an important cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, death, amputation, blindness, renal failure and heart failure.
Epidemiology
Diabetes is a common and frequently-occurring disease. At present, the prevalence and incidence of diabetes are rising rapidly around the world. According to the latest epidemiological data, according to the WHO diagnostic criteria for diabetes, the prevalence of diabetes in my country has risen to 11.2%.
According to the statistics of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2017, there are about 425 million adults with diabetes in the world, and the prevalence of diabetes in women aged 20-79 is about 8.4%, and that in men is about 9.1%. It is estimated that by 2045, the number of people with diabetes may reach 629 million.
The prevalence of diabetes in my country is also showing a rapid growth trend. In 2017, there were 114.4 million people with diabetes in China aged 20-79, ranking first in the world. However, the diagnosis rate of diabetes in my country is only 30-40%, that is, only 3-4 of every 10 diabetic patients know that they have diabetes.
disease type
Type 1 diabetes
It is rare and often occurs in childhood and adolescence, accounting for less than 1% of diabetic patients in my country. Etiology can be divided into immune-mediated and idiopathic (pathogenesis unknown).
The main pathogenesis is that the islet β cells are destroyed, leading to absolute lack or significant reduction of insulin.
Type 2 diabetes
It is common and accounts for more than 95% of diabetic patients in my country. The etiology includes insulin resistance, progressive insufficient secretion of insulin, or both.
Special type of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus caused by genetic defects in islet β-cell function
Rare, mostly with family history. Genetic mutations lead to defects in the function of pancreatic beta cells, which in turn lead to reduced insulin production.
Diabetes mellitus due to genetic defects in insulin action
Rare, there may be a family history. Insulin resistance due to an abnormality in the insulin receptor gene and the inability of insulin to function.
Diabetes due to pancreatic exocrine disease
Rare, secondary to pancreatic disease or systemic metabolic disease such as hemochromatosis. It is more common in islet damage or loss caused by trauma, pancreatectomy, pancreatitis, pancreatic tumor and other diseases or metabolic diseases.
Diabetes due to other endocrine diseases
Rare, secondary to other endocrine disorders. It is more common in acromegaly, glucagonoma, pheochromocytoma and other endocrine diseases that overproduce hormones that increase blood sugar.
Diabetes due to drugs or chemicals
Rare, related to side effects of medicines. Many drugs, such as corticosteroids and PD-1 antineoplastic drugs, can lead to elevated blood sugar or impairment of islet secretion.
infection-induced diabetes
Rarely, some people with diabetes may have a viral infection before onset. In genetically susceptible individuals, certain viral infections can lead to damage to pancreatic islet cells, leading to diabetes and may be involved in the development of immune-mediated type 1 diabetes.
Uncommon immune-mediated diabetes
Rare, more common in women, may be accompanied by other autoimmune diseases. It may be related to immune-mediated production of islet cell antibodies.
Other genetic syndromes associated with diabetes
There are many genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, such as hemochromatosis, lipodystrophy syndrome, etc. Most of the etiology is unknown.
Gestational diabetes
Hyperglycemia first detected after 24 weeks of gestation without diabetes before pregnancy and early pregnancy.
The etiology is mainly due to increased insulin resistance after pregnancy and relative insufficiency of insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia.
Etiology
The etiology of diabetes has not been elucidated, and the etiology of different types of diabetes is different, even within the same type.
Overall, genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of diabetes. It is mainly due to the decrease of insulin secretion caused by the dysfunction of pancreatic islet cells, or the insensitivity of the body to insulin, or both, resulting in the ineffective utilization and storage of glucose in the blood.
At present, except for some special types of diabetes, the molecular etiology of diabetes is still unclear. Diabetes has a certain genetic susceptibility, and there is a phenomenon of familial clustering.
However, epidemiological and clinical medical research has made it very clear that the main cause of type 2 diabetes is unhealthy lifestyle. If we want to reduce the number of diabetic patients in our country, improving the social environment that promotes the formation of unhealthy lifestyles is the fundamental way out.
Basic cause
Genetic factors
Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and more than 50 genetic variations have been found to be related to genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
The occurrence of type 2 diabetes is also related to genetic factors. More than 400 genetic variations have been found to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia.
It should be noted that genetic background only endows individuals with a certain degree of disease susceptibility, and is not sufficient to cause disease. Generally, the overall effect of multiple gene abnormalities under the influence of environmental factors leads to the occurrence of diabetes.
Environmental (in vitro) factors
The environmental factors related to the occurrence of type 1 diabetes are unknown. Virus infection may be one of the environmental causes of type 1 diabetes, including rubella virus, mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, etc. These viruses can directly damage the islet β cells and can Initiation of an autoimmune response further damages islet β cells.
Some chemical poisons, such as the rodenticide picrolidine, can also lead to the destruction of islet β cells, thereby inducing type 1 diabetes. In recent years, with the widespread use of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in tumor treatment, the number of patients with type 1 diabetes caused by such drugs has also increased significantly.
Environmental factors are particularly important in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, including age growth, modern lifestyle, overnutrition, lack of physical activity and so on. The most important environmental factor leading to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes is the social environment leading to the formation of unhealthy lifestyles.
Autoimmune system deficiency
Under the joint action of environmental factors and genetic factors, the immune system attacks the islet cells that produce insulin, that is, autoimmunity, which leads to the damage and disappearance of the islet β cells and finally leads to the reduction or lack of insulin secretion.
Symptom
The typical symptoms of diabetes are "three excesses and one deficiency" related to high blood sugar, skin infection, fatigue, vision changes and other symptoms and clinical manifestations, but many early patients often have no symptoms or mild symptoms.
As the disease progresses, diabetic patients develop progressive multisystem damage and clinical symptoms associated with complications.
How it effects health:
The study also found that low-sugar beverages are also associated with cancer risk, which may be due to people's higher intake of low-sugar beverages than high-sugar beverages. In addition, due to insufficient data, the study did not find an association between beverages with artificial sweeteners (stevia, sucralose, and aspartame) and cancer. The study also found no association between water, unsweetened tea and coffee and cancer. The researchers emphasize that this is an observational study and does not suggest that sugary drinks or fruit juices cause cancer, and more research is needed to explore whether there is a causal relationship between the two.
Causes over weight:
However, several previous studies have shown that sugar-sweetened drinks or juices are indeed detrimental to weight control, and overweight or obesity are risk factors for many cancers, which may partially explain the association between sugar-sweetened drinks and cancer risk. But many people who have a normal BMI (body mass index) and are not overweight still develop cancer.
The researchers observed that the more people who consumed sugary drinks, the more visceral fat (such as fat from the liver or pancreas) accumulated, and visceral fat accumulation has been shown to be associated with cancer risk, which the researchers speculate may also be one of the mechanisms that ultimately lead to cancer.
David Katz noted:
"The study authors did not look at the overall dietary quality of the population surveyed. Those who drink more sugary beverages are likely to eat more processed meat, or be more stressed, or have less overall health awareness and lower overall dietary quality, which is highly likely. This is important because it is likely to illustrate
1) a causal relationship between sugary drinks and cancer risk.
2) Sugary drinks represent a lower overall diet quality, which is indeed responsible for increasing cancer risk. I suspect both are true.'' In fact, this isn't the first time a relationship between sugary drinks and an increased risk of cancer has been found. In the case of fruit juice alone, an association between drinking pure fruit juice and an increased risk of thyroid cancer has been observed, as well as an association between citrus fruits and juices and an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Water is recommended only😍
In April, Canada released the latest version of its dietary guidelines, which no longer recommend daily consumption of pure fruit juice. Fruit juice cannot replace the health benefits of whole fruits, in addition to the high glycemic index, the process of juicing fruits will lose a lot of vitamin C and polyphenols due to oxidation, and also lose insoluble dietary fiber, calcium iron and other minerals. In the multinational dietary guidelines, water is the only recommended drink.
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