Causes

A fracture is a breakdown of the integrity or continuity of a bone. Fractures occur when a bone is subjected to more force than it can handle. The clinical manifestations are often after trauma, local symptoms such as pain, swelling, and movement disorders. In addition, severe multiple fractures can lead to shock, which is life-threatening.

Closed fracture

In closed fractures, the skin or mucous membrane at the fracture site is intact and does not communicate with the outside world

Open fracture

In an open fracture, the skin or mucous membrane near the fracture is broken, and the fracture is communicated with the outside world. According to the degree and shape of the fracture, it can be divided into incomplete fracture and complete fracture.

Incomplete fracture

The integrity or continuity of the bone is partially destroyed, mainly crack fractures and greenstick fractures.

Crack fractures, as the name suggests, are like cracks on porcelain, with fractures and no displacement, and are more common in the skull and ilium;

Greenstick fractures are like young branches that are broken but the bark is still connected. It is more common in children.

Complete fracture

A complete fracture means that the integrity and continuity of the bone are all destroyed. According to the direction of the fracture line on the X-ray film, complete fractures can be further divided into the following categories.

A transverse fracture is one in which the fracture line is nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis;

An oblique fracture is one in which the fracture line is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis;

A spiral fracture is a fracture in which the fracture line is spiral;

Comminuted fracture refers to a fracture with more than 2 fragments formed after the fracture;

Anterior fork fracture refers to the insertion of the dense part of the bone into the part of the osteoporosis after the fracture;

Compression fractures are fractures in which the bone is deformed by compression due to violent compression;

Epiphyseal separation, also known as epiphyseal slip, is a fracture that causes the epiphysis to separate from the bone, and the section of the epiphysis may also contain part of the bone tissue.

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