Introduction:
The incidence of gallstones is very high, with up to 10% of the population suffering from gallstones. The causes of gallstones are complex and related to a variety of factors, including geography, genetic factors, race, gender, obesity, hyperlipidemia, dietary habits, and so on.
Explanation:
According to the composition of the stone, gallbladder stones can be divided into three categories, which are cholesterol stones, biliary pigment stones, and mixed stones. 80% of cholesterol stones are located in the gallbladder, mainly cholesterol, yellow-white, gray-yellow or yellow, different shapes and sizes, the shape is mostly round or oval, the texture is hard, and it does not appear under X-ray.
Biliary pigment stones:
Biliary pigment stones are divided into black biliary pigment stones and brown biliary pigment stones, black biliary pigment stones are multimers composed of biliary pigment, calcium salts and glycoproteins, almost all located in the gallbladder, common in patients with hemolytic anemia and cirrhosis; Brown bile pigment stones, composed of bile acids, bacteria and other components, tend to occur in the bile ducts, and are long or granular in shape.
Mixed stones are composed of bilirubin, cholesterol, calcium salts and other components, and can present different shapes, colors and profile structures according to the proportion of the components they contain.
Under normal circumstances, cholesterol and bile pigment are dissolved in bile, just like sugar dissolved in water, when the concentration of cholesterol or bile pigment is too high, it will be dissolved from the bile, and calcium salts, bacteria and other substances work together to form stones.
The relationship between gallstones and diet
(1) High-fat diet, high-cholesterol diet
Long-term high-fat, high-cholesterol diet will lead to an increase in blood lipid levels in the body, leading to hyperlipidemia. The liver is the main organ for metabolizing fat, and excessive blood lipids will cause excessive lipids in bile, which will form cholesterol crystals and precipitate from the gallbladder to form cholesterol stones.
(2) Obese and diabetic patients
Obesity and diabetes and gallstones are also very close, obesity may be accompanied by diabetes, and diabetes often appears insulin resistance, cholestasis, abnormal lipid metabolism, hyperinsulinemia will promote the liver to take up cholesterol, while reducing the liver secretion of bile acids, which will lead to high cholesterol concentration, easy to form gallstones.
(3) Irregular diet for three meals
After bile is produced from the liver, it is stored in the gallbladder, which concentrates the bile 5 to 10 times. After we eat, the gallbladder releases bile, which promotes the digestion and absorption of food. If the diet is irregular, especially without breakfast, resulting in long-term storage of bile in the gallbladder, cholesterol and other components will precipitate, forming gallstones.
(4) Oral contraceptives
Gallstones tend to occur in women, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.5, suggesting that estrogen plays a role in it. Studies have shown that women with long-term oral contraception have a risk of gallstones that is about twice that of normal people. Estrogen affects the chemical composition of bile and the contractile function of the gallbladder, contributing to the formation of stones.
(5) Long-term low-fat diet and rapid weight loss
Obesity increases the incidence of gallstones, but long-term malnutrition, low-fat diet, can also promote the formation of gallstones. Long-term low-fat diet can lead to bile acid deficiency, malnutrition, easy formation of gallstones.
For obese patients, rapid weight loss is also not good, do bariatric surgery, or a very low-fat diet, resulting in a very rapid weight loss, the body's internal fat is consumed in large quantities, but also cause cholesterol survival to increase, resulting in cholestasis and stones.
(1) Three meals and a regular diet
Three meals of regular diet, do not overeat, do not eat a full meal hungry, three meals regular diet can regularly promote bile excretion, regular emptying of bile, can prevent the occurrence of gallstones.
(2) Eat less fatty meat and fried foods
Eat less high-fat and high-cholesterol foods, such as fatty meat, fried foods, offal, lard, butter, etc., these high-fat and high-cholesterol foods will increase the incidence of gallstones. According to the recommendations of the dietary guidelines for Chinese residents, the daily intake of cooking oil is 25 to 30g, and the total trans fatty acids do not exceed 2g.
(3) Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables
Eating more fresh vegetables and fruits and eating more dietary fiber can promote cholesterol excretion and prevent the occurrence of cholesterol stones.
(4) Appropriate intake of vitamin C
Proper vitamin C supplementation can reduce the occurrence of cholesterol stones. The conversion of cholesterol into bile acids requires hydroxylase, and liver cells also need the right amount of vitamin C. Vitamin C deficiency has been shown to promote the formation of gallstones. Vitamin C supplementation can change the composition of bile, increase lecithin content, and prolong the time it takes for cholesterol to crystallize. Therefore, proper vitamin C supplementation can prevent stones.
(5) Exercise appropriately and reduce weight
Proper exercise can reduce the weight of patients, which is very beneficial for obese patients, because obese patients often have insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, as we said earlier, hyperinsulinemia will promote the liver to take up cholesterol, resulting in gallstones. If you can exercise properly, control your weight, and improve hyperinsulinemia, you can prevent gallstones.
(6) Appropriate intake of unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids can be divided into two categories, one is saturated fatty acids and the other is unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are good for the body, nuts contain more unsaturated fatty acids, moderate supplementation of nuts, can prevent cholelithiasis. Experts recommend that nuts can be intaked 70g~100g per week, with an average of about 15g per day.
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